All of Baroque Art Including Music Has a Tendency to Be What?

The Apotheosis of St Ignatius
(1694) San Ignazio, Rome, by Pozzo.
One of the Baroque's most inspiring
religious paintings ever created.

Definition: What is Baroque Fine art?

In fine art, the term Baroque (derived from the Portuguese 'barocco' meaning, 'irregular pearl or rock') describes a fairly circuitous idiom, originating in Rome, which flowered during the period c.1590-1720, and which embraced painting, and sculpture as well as architecture. After the idealism of the Renaissance (c.1400-1530), and the slightly 'forced' nature of Mannerism (c.1530-1600), Baroque art higher up all reflected the religious tensions of the age - notably the desire of the Catholic Church in Rome (as annunciated at the Council of Trent, 1545-63) to reassert itself in the wake of the Protestant Reformation. Thus it is almost synonymous with Catholic Counter-Reformation Art of the flow.

Many Cosmic Emperors and monarchs beyond Europe had an of import stake in the Cosmic Church building's success, hence a large number of architectural designs, paintings and sculptures were deputed by the Majestic Courts of Spain, France, and elsewhere - in parallel to the overall entrada of Catholic Christian art, pursued by the Vatican - in order to glorify their own divine grandeur, and in the process strengthen their political position. By comparison, Baroque art in Protestant areas like Holland had far less religious content, and instead was designed essentially to appeal to the growing aspirations of the merchant and middle classes.

Styles/Types of Bizarre Fine art

In guild to fulfill its propagandist role, Catholic-inspired Baroque art tended to exist large-scale works of public art, such as monumental wall-paintings and huge frescoes for the ceilings and vaults of palaces and churches. Bizarre painting illustrated key elements of Cosmic dogma, either directly in Biblical works or indirectly in mythological or allegorical compositions. Forth with this monumental, high-minded arroyo, painters typically portrayed a stiff sense of movement, using swirling spirals and upwards diagonals, and strong sumptuous colour schemes, in order to dazzle and surprise. New techniques of tenebrism and chiaroscuro were adult to enhance temper. Brushwork is creamy and broad, often resulting in thick impasto. However, the theatricality and melodrama of Baroque painting was not well received by later critics, like the influential John Ruskin (1819-1900), who considered information technology insincere. Baroque sculpture, typically larger-than-life size, is marked by a similar sense of dynamic movement, along with an active employ of space.

Baroque architecture was designed to create spectacle and illusion. Thus the directly lines of the Renaissance were replaced with flowing curves, while domes/roofs were enlarged, and interiors advisedly constructed to produce spectacular furnishings of light and shade. It was an emotional mode, which, wherever possible, exploited the theatrical potential of the urban landscape - as illustrated by St Peter's Square (1656-67) in Rome, leading up to St Peter's Basilica. Its designer, Bernini, ane of the greatest Bizarre architects, ringed the foursquare with colonnades, to convey the impression to visitors that they are existence embraced by the arms of the Cosmic Church.

As is evident, although most of the compages, painting and sculpture produced during the 17th century is known as Baroque, information technology is by no means a monolithic fashion. There are at to the lowest degree iii different strands of Bizarre, as follows:

(1) Religious Grandeur
A triumphant, extravagant, about theatrical (and at times) melodramatic way of religious art, commissioned by the Catholic Counter Reformation and the courts of the absolute monarchies of Europe. This type of Baroque art is exemplified by the bold visionary sculpture and architecture of Bernini (1598-1680), by the trompe l'oeil illusionistic ceiling frescoes of Pietro da Cortona (1596-1669) - meet his masterpiece Apologue of Divine Providence (1633-39) - and by the grandiose paintings of the Flemish main Rubens (1577-1640).

(two) Greater Realism
A new more life-like or naturalist way of figurative composition. This new approach was championed by Carravaggio (1571-1610), Francisco Ribalta (1565–1628), Velazquez (1599-1660) and Annibale Carracci (1560-1609). The boldness and physical presence of Caravaggio's figures, the life-like approach to religious painting adopted by Velazquez, a new form of movement and exuberance pioneered by Annibale Carracci, and a realistic course of rustic Biblical genre painting, complete with animals, evolved past Castiglione (1609-64) - all these elements were part of the new and dynamic style known as Baroque. Meet also: Classicism and Naturalism in Italian 17th Century Painting.

(three) Easel Fine art
Unlike the large-calibration, public, religious works of Baroque artists in Catholic countries, Baroque art in Protestant The netherlands (frequently referred to every bit the Dutch Gilded Age) was exemplified by a new blazon of easel-art - a sleeky class of genre-painting - aimed at the prosperous bourgeois householder. This new Dutch Realist School of genre painting also led to enhanced realism in portrait fine art and landscape painting, flower pictures, animal compositions and, in item, to new forms of still life painting, including the Protestant-inspired genre known equally vanitas painting (flourished 1620-50). Unlike towns and areas had their own 'schools' or styles, such equally Utrecht, Delft, Leiden, Amsterdam, Haarlem and Dordrecht. See: Dutch Realist Artists.

In add-on, to complicate matters further, Rome - the very middle of the movement - was also home to a "classical" way, every bit exemplified in the paintings of the history painter Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665) and the Arcadian landscape creative person Claude Lorrain (1600-82).

Annotation: For other of import historical stylistic trends similar Baroque, encounter Art Movements, Periods, Schools (from almost 100 BCE).

History of Baroque Art

Following the pronouncements made by the Quango of Trent on how fine art might serve religion, together with the upsurge in conviction in the Roman Catholic Church, information technology became clear that a new style of Biblical art was necessary in lodge to support the Cosmic Counter Reformation and fully convey the miracles and sufferings of the Saints to the congregation of Europe. This style had to be more forceful, more emotional and imbued with a greater realism. Strongly influenced by the views of the Jesuits (the Baroque is sometimes referred to as 'the Jesuit Manner'), compages, painting and sculpture were to work together to create a unified issue. The initial impetus came from the inflow in Rome during the 1590s of Annibale Carracci and Carravaggio (1571-1610). Their presence sparked a new interest in realism as well equally antiquarian forms, both of which were taken up and developed (in sculpture) by Alessandro Algardi (in sculpture) and Bernini (in sculpture and compages). Peter Paul Rubens, who remained in Rome until 1608, was the only bully Catholic painter in the Baroque idiom, although Rembrandt and other Dutch artists were influenced by both Caravaggism and Bernini. French republic had its own (more secular) relationship with the Bizarre, which was closest in architecture, notably the Palace of Versailles. The cardinal effigy in French Baroque art of the 17th century was Charles Le Brun (1619-90) who exerted an influence far beyond his own metier. Run into, for instance, the Gobelins tapestry manufacturing plant, of which he was director. Espana and Portugal embraced it more enthusiastically, as did the Cosmic areas of Germany, Austria, Hungary and the Spanish Netherlands. The culmination of the movement was the High Baroque (c.1625-75), while the apogee of the movement's grandiosity was marked by the astounding quadratura known as Embodiment of St Ignatius (1688-94, S. Ignazio, Rome), by the illusionist ceiling painter Andrea Pozzo (1642-1709). Surely one of the all-time Baroque paintings of the 17th century.

Naples, in 1600 the second largest city in Europe later on Paris, was an of import centre of Counter-Reformation Baroque art. The Neapolitan Schoolhouse was adult past Caravaggio, Ribera, Artemesia Gentileschi, Mattia Preti (1613-99) Luca Giordano (1634-1705), Francesco Solimena (1657-1747) and others. For more, see: Painting in Naples (1600-1700) and Caravaggio in Naples (1607, 1609-x). For the early on 17th century, see: Neapolitan Schoolhouse of Painting (1600-56); for afterwards developments come across: Neapolitan Baroque Painting (c.1650-1700).

Note: It took longer for the Baroque way to reach Russia. Indeed, information technology wasn't until the flow of Petrine art in St Petersburg nether Peter the Great (1686-1725), that architects like Rastrelli, Domenico Trezzini, Andreas Schluter, Gottfried Schadel, Leblond, Michetti, and Matarnovi began designing in the style of Russian Baroque.

For details of the evolution of Baroque art outside Italian republic, encounter: Flemish Baroque (c.1600-eighty), Dutch Baroque (c.1600-fourscore) and Spanish Baroque (1600-1700).

By the end of the 17th century the grand Baroque style was in decline, as was its primary sponsor, Italian republic. The coming European power was French republic, where a new and contrasting manner of decorative art was beginning to sally. This low-cal-hearted way before long enveloped architecture, all forms of interior decoration, furniture, painting, sculpture and porcelain pattern. Information technology was known as Rococo.

Famous Baroque Painters (and Paintings)

Here is a short list of the greatest Old Masters of the Baroque Period, together with some of their works:

• Annibale Carracci (1560-1609) of the Bolognese School (1590-1630)
- Christ Wearing the Crown of Thorns (1585-7, Gemaldegalerie, Dresden)
- Farnese Gallery fresco paintings (1590s, Rome)
- Flight into Egypt (1604, Doria Gallery, Rome)

Together with his brother Agostino Carracci (1557-1602), and cousin Ludovico Carracci (1555-1619), Annibale founded an fine art academy called the Accademia dei Desiderosi, later renamed the Academy of the Progressives (Accademia degli Incamminati). This was the cadre of the Bolognese school of painting.

• Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
- Descent from the Cross (Rubens) (1612-fourteen) Cathedral, Antwerp.
- The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (1618) Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
- Judgement of Paris (1632-v) National Gallery, London.

• Carravaggio (1571-1610)
- The Calling of Saint Matthew (1600) Contarelli Chapel, Rome.
- The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew (1600) Contarelli Chapel, Rome.
- Conversion on the manner to Damascus (1601) Cerasi Chapel, Rome.
- Supper at Emmaus (1601) National Gallery, London.
- Crucifixion of Saint Peter (1601) Cerasi Chapel, Rome.
- Expiry of the Virgin (1601-6) Louvre, Paris.
- The Entombment of Christ (1601-three) Vatican Museums, Rome.

• Domenichino (1581-1641)
- The Last Communion of St Jerome (1614) Pinacoteca, Vatican.
- Scenes from the Life of St Andrew (1622-7) Frescoes, S. Andrea della Valle.

• Simon Vouet (1590-1649)
- Psyche Watching Amor Sleep (1626) Musee des Beaux-Arts, Lyon
- Presentation in the Temple (1641) Louvre, Paris.

• Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1656)
- Judith Beheading Holofernes (1620) Uffizi Gallery, Florence.

• Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665)
- Abduction of the Sabine Women (1634-5) Metropolitan Museum of Fine art.
- Et in Arcadia Ego (Arcadian Shepherds) (1637) Louvre, Paris.

• Diego Velazquez (1599-1660)
- Waterseller of Seville (1618-22) Apsley House, London.
- Christ on the Cantankerous (1632) Prado, Madrid.
- The Surrender of Breda (1634-5) Prado, Madrid.
- The Rokeby Venus (1647-51) National Gallery, London.
- Portrait of Pope Innocent X (1650) Doria Pamphilj Gallery, Rome.
- Las Meninas (1656), Museo del Prado, Madrid.

• Rembrandt (1606-69)
- The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632) Mauritshuis.
- The Night Watch (1642) Rijksmuseum.
- Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer (1653) Metropolitan Museum, NY.
- Bathsheba With Male monarch David'due south Letter (1654) Louvre.
- Jan Half-dozen (1654) The 6 Collection, Amsterdam.
- The Syndics of the Clothmakers Guild (The Staalmeesters) (1662).
- The Suicide of Lucretia (c.1666) The Minneapolis Institute of Arts.
- The Jewish Bride (c.1665-eight) Rijksmuseum.

• Carlo Maratta (Maratti) (1625-1713)
- Constantine ordering the Devastation of Heathen Idols (1648) Rome.
- Portrait of Pope Cloudless Ix (1669) Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg.

Among other outstanding Bizarre painters are: the portraitist Van Dyck (1599-1641), see also: Baroque Portraits - and the foremost still life and brute painter Frans Snyders (1579-1657). Amongst the great Catholic Bizarre painters from Spain are the intense realist painter Jusepe Ribera (1591-1652), the pious chiaroscuro expert and tenebrist Francisco Zurbaran (1598-1664) and Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1618-82) of Seville, known for his arcadian and sentimental religious pictures. In French Baroque fine art, the top caravaggesque painter was Georges de la Tour (1593-1652). In Italia, mention should be made of the Parma creative person Giovanni Lanfranco (1582-1647), noted for his extreme foreshortening technique (di sotto in su), and the Genoese decorative creative person Baciccio (1639-1709), noted for his cangianti technique of using vibrant colours to depict shade.

Exponents of Dutch Realism from the Bizarre era include: the portraitists Frans Hals (1581-1666) - encounter his masterpiece The Laughing Condescending (1624) by the smashing Dutch portraitist Frans Hals (1582-1666).and Rembrandt (1606-69); the genre painters Hendrik Terbrugghen (1588-1629), January Steen (1626-79) and Jan Vermeer (1632-75); the 'interiors' and 'perspective' artist Samuel van Hoogstraten; the notwithstanding life painters Frans Snyders (1579-1657), Jan Davidsz de Heem (1606-84) and Willem Kalf (1619-93); the flower painter Rachel Ruysch (1664-1750); and the mural artists Salomon van Ruysdael (1600-70), Aelbert Cuyp (1620-91), Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-82) and Meyndert Hobbema (1638-1709).

For other painters and sculptors, encounter: Italian Baroque Artists; and French Bizarre Artists. Come across too: Spanish Bizarre Artists. For Baroque in Deutschland, see: German Bizarre Artists.

Famous Baroque Sculptors (and Sculptures)

• Giovanni Bernini
The greatest Baroque sculptor, noted for:
The Rape of Proserpine (1621-22) Galleria Borghese, Rome.
Apollo and Daphne (1622-25), Galleria Borghese, Rome.
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1647-52), Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria.

• Juan Martines Montanes (1568-1649)
Castilian virtuoso wood-carver, noted for:
The Merciful Christ (The Christ of Clemency) (1603) Seville Cathedral
The Santiponce Altarpiece (1613).

• Jorg Zurn (1583-1638)
German master carver, famous for:
High Altar of the Virgin Mary (1613-16), Church of Saint Nicholas, Uberlingen.

• Francois Duquesnoy (1597-1643)
Classical manner, sculpted in marble, stone, bronze, and noted for the statues:
St Andrew (1629-33) Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican
St Susanna (1630-33) Santa Maria di Loreto, Rome

• Alessandro Algardi (1598-1654)
High Baroque classicist, noted for:
Tomb of Pope Leo XI (1634-44) St Peter'southward Rome
Ecstasy of Saint Philip Neri (1638) Santa Maria in Vallicella, Rome
Pope Leo Driving Attila from the Gates of Rome (1646-53) St Peter'south Rome

• Alonzo Cano (Granada, 1601-1667)
Known equally the "Spanish Michelangelo", noted for:
The Immaculate Conception (1655, Granada Cathedral) and paintings.

• Pierre Puget (1622-1694)
The greatest Baroque sculptor in 17th century France, noted for:
Milo of Crotona (1671-82)

• Francois Girardon (1628-1715)
Classical Baroque sculptor, popular with Louis Fourteen, noted for:
Apollo Tended past the Nymphs (1666-75)
Monument of Richelieu (1675-94)
The Abduction of Proserpine (1677-99)

• Antoine Coysevox (1640-1720)
Sculpted in the mode of Bernini; noted for portrait busts.
Charles Lebrun (1676)
Louis XIV (1686).

• Andreas Schluter (1664-1714)
Berlin sculptor/architect; noted for his statues of Frederick 3, including:
Equestrian Statue of Frederick William the Corking (1689-1703).
See likewise: High german Baroque Art (1550-1750).

• Guillaume Coustou (1677-1746)
French Baroque artist best known for his equestrian statues.
Horse restrained by a Groom ("Marly Horses") (1739-45).

Other, late Baroque sculptors include: Balthasar Permoser (1651-1732) and Louis-Francois Roubiliac (1695-1762). Also, for biographical details of 1 of the greatest wood-carvers of the period, come across Grinling Gibbons (1648-1721).

For more 17th century sculpture, see: Baroque Sculptors.

Famous Bizarre Architects (and edifice designs)

• Pietro Berrettini da Cortona (1596-1669)
Architect to Pope Urban VIII
- SS. Luca e Martina (1635-64, Rome)
- St Maria della Step, facade (1656-7, Rome)
- St Maria in Via Lata (1658-62, Rome)
• Bernini (1598-1680)
The greatest of all Bizarre architects and sculptors.
- Palazzo Barberini (1628-32, Rome)
- St Peter's Square (1656-67)
- St Andrea al Quirinale (1658-71, Rome)
• Francesco Borromini (1599-1667)
A lifelong rival of Bernini
- St Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1634-68, Rome)
- Palazzo Sapienza and St Ivo alla Sapienza, dome/facade (1640-lx, Rome)
- St Agnese in Agone (1653, Rome)
• Louis Le Vau (1612-lxx)
Main co-builder of the Palace of Versailles.
- Hotel Lambert (1642-4, Paris)
- Saint-Sulpice (1646, Paris)
- Marble Court (1669, Palace of Versailles)
• Jules Hardouin Mansart (1646-1708)
Main co-architect of the Palace of Versailles & dome of Les Invalides in Paris
- Chateau de Marly (1679-86, Marly-le-Roi)
- Dome of Les Invalides (1679-91, Paris)
- Grand Trianon (1687-8, Palace of Versailles)
• Christopher Wren (1632-1723)
Dominant church building builder in London.
- St Paul's Cathedral (1674-1710)
• John Vanbrugh (1664-1726)
Leader of the English Baroque move
- Castle Howard (1702-12)
- Blenheim Palace (1705-24)
• Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656-1723)
Eminent Austrian Baroque architect, brough Italian styles to central Europe.
- Kollegienkirche (1694-1707, Salzburg)
- Stadtpalais (1695-8, Vienna)
- Church of St Charles (1716-30, Vienna)
• Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753)
Leading German language Late Baroque designer, Majestic architect to Schonborn family.
- Wallfahrtskirche (1730-9, Gossweinstein)
- Staircase for Wurzburg Residenz (1737)
- Staircase for Augustusburg Palace (1743-8, Bruhl)
• Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1700-1771)
Responsible for Russian Bizarre.
- Smoly Cathedral (1748-57, St Petersburg)
- Winter Palace (1754-62, St Petersburg)
- Redesign of Catherine's Palace (1756, about St Petersburg)

• For other fine art movements and periods, run across: History of Fine art.
• For more well-nigh the origins & development of painting/sculpture, run into: Homepage.

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